{
  "contract": "atlas-static-api/1/timeline",
  "count": 65,
  "labels": {
    "claim/abraham-abundant-welcome": "Abraham's welcome exceeds his stated offer",
    "claim/acaranga-mendicant-rigor-is-role-specific": "Ācārāṅga food rules address mendicant non-harm",
    "claim/acaranga-noninjury-crosses-life-categories": "Ācārāṅga extends non-injury across categories of life",
    "claim/acaranga-responsibility-includes-consent": "Ācārāṅga includes causing and allowing within responsibility",
    "claim/analects-learning-practice-joy": "Analects learning stresses practice and joy",
    "claim/aristotle-distributive-justice-proportion": "Aristotle defines distributive justice proportionally",
    "claim/aristotle-eudaimonia-final-end": "Aristotle treats eudaimonia as final self-sufficient good",
    "claim/aristotle-external-goods-matter": "Aristotle allows external goods as conditions of flourishing",
    "claim/aristotle-flourishing-activity-virtue": "Aristotle identifies flourishing with virtuous activity",
    "claim/aristotle-friendship-civic-bond": "Aristotle treats civic friendship as a social bond",
    "claim/aristotle-friendship-constitutive-good": "Aristotle views friendship as part of flourishing",
    "claim/aristotle-justice-complete-virtue": "Aristotle calls justice a complete virtue toward others",
    "claim/aristotle-obligation-character-relations": "Aristotle grounds civic obligation in character relations",
    "claim/aristotle-politics-common-advantage-standard": "Aristotle uses common advantage as the constitutional standard",
    "claim/aristotle-politics-political-animal-nature": "Aristotle treats political association as natural to humans",
    "claim/aristotle-politics-true-vs-deviant-constitutions": "Aristotle labels rule forms as true or deviant by shared purpose",
    "claim/aristotle-virtue-habituation": "Aristotle grounds virtue in habituation",
    "claim/atrahasis-post-flood-population-controls": "Atrahasis ends with controls on human reproduction",
    "claim/augustine-grace-delivers-divided-will": "Augustine does not make self-command self-sufficient",
    "claim/augustine-habit-binds-will": "Augustine makes habit both chosen and binding",
    "claim/augustine-will-is-partial": "Augustine's two wills are one incomplete agency",
    "claim/book-of-documents-heaven-hears-people": "Book of Documents links Heaven’s mandate to the people",
    "claim/book-of-documents-mandate-conditional-on-virtue": "Heaven's appointment is presented as conditional",
    "claim/book-of-documents-popular-salience-for-heavenly-mandate": "Book of Documents frames the people as Heaven’s referent",
    "claim/confucian-duty-role-relations": "Confucian duties follow social roles",
    "claim/confucian-flourishing-social-cultivation": "Confucian flourishing is social cultivation",
    "claim/confucian-li-forms-character": "Ritual in Confucianism shapes character",
    "claim/confucian-obligation-cultivated-not-abstract": "Confucian obligations are cultivated in practice",
    "claim/confucian-reciprocity-mutual-obligation": "Confucian obligation is mutually responsive",
    "claim/confucian-reciprocity-not-rule-only": "Confucian ethics emphasizes reciprocity over exhaustive rule systems",
    "claim/confucian-ren-extend-to-others": "Ren extends humane concern outward",
    "claim/confucian-ren-relational": "Confucian ren is enacted in relations",
    "claim/daodejing-knowing-not-knowing": "Chapter 71 treats unrecognized ignorance as a disease",
    "claim/daodejing-naming-has-limits": "Naming has limits in the Daodejing",
    "claim/daodejing-world-resists-grasping": "Chapter 29 critiques coercive control, not all planning",
    "claim/daodejing-wuwei-noncoercive-action": "Wu wei is non-coercive efficacy, not passivity",
    "claim/deucalion-flood-is-regional": "Pseudo-Apollodorus's Deucalion flood is regional",
    "claim/dukkha-marks-existence": "Dukkha is a structural mark of conditioned existence",
    "claim/epictetus-agency-not-total-control": "Epictetus distinguishes agency from external outcome",
    "claim/epictetus-flourishing-agency": "Epictetus grounds flourishing in agency over judgement",
    "claim/epictetus-reason-tests-fit": "Epictetus makes reasonable action context-sensitive",
    "claim/epictetus-social-roles-not-isolation": "Epictetus preserves role-based obligations in human flourishing",
    "claim/epictetus-suspends-desire-pedagogically": "Epictetus suspends desire as beginner training",
    "claim/epicurus-death-nothing": "Epicurus argues that death is nothing to us",
    "claim/epicurus-friendship-security": "Epicurean friendship gives both joy and protection",
    "claim/epicurus-pleasure-absence-pain": "Epicurean pleasure is bounded by the absence of pain and turmoil",
    "claim/epicurus-pleasure-telos": "Epicurus makes pleasure the telos of flourishing life",
    "claim/epicurus-prudence-guides-pleasure": "Epicurean prudence and justice stabilize flourishing",
    "claim/first-samuel-kingship-remains-conditionally-accountable": "Monarchy remains conditionally accountable to YHWH",
    "claim/first-samuel-monarchy-framed-as-rejection-of-divine-kingship": "Samuel frames monarchy as rejection of divine kingship",
    "claim/first-samuel-warned-extractive-kingship": "Samuel warns of the extractive costs of a king",
    "claim/genesis-flood-ends-in-covenant": "Genesis answers recurring violence with a universal covenant",
    "claim/genesis-flood-judges-violence": "Genesis makes corruption and violence the flood's cause",
    "claim/gilgamesh-11-reuses-atrahasis": "Gilgamesh Tablet XI reuses an Atrahasis flood version",
    "claim/gita-action-without-fruit-attachment": "The Gītā detaches action from fruit and from inaction",
    "claim/gita-attachment-desire-collapse": "The Gītā traces a sequence from attention to ruin",
    "claim/gita-kama-rajas-foe": "The Gītā locates insatiable desire within guṇa psychology",
    "claim/great-learning-aims-logic": "Great Learning frames ethical excellence as a governing aim",
    "claim/great-learning-civic-order-via-self-renewal": "Great Learning ties civic order to prior self-discipline",
    "claim/great-learning-moral-triad-as-end": "Great Learning presents a three-part moral sequence",
    "claim/hebrews-recalls-angel-hosts": "Hebrews recalls the Genesis angel-host cycle",
    "claim/islam-distinguishes-social-roles": "Qur'anic ethics distinguish neighbors, companions, and wayfarers",
    "claim/islamic-guest-right-bounded-debated": "The Islamic guest right is time-bounded and legally debated",
    "claim/job-epilogue-vindicates-job": "The epilogue sides with the protester, not the theologians",
    "claim/job-rejects-retribution": "Job's dialogues reject proportionate retribution",
    "claim/john-9-rejects-sin-causation": "John 9 denies sin as the cause of congenital affliction",
    "claim/kalama-discourse-not-blanket-relativism": "Kalama discourse is not blanket relativism",
    "claim/kalama-discourse-rejects-hearsay-alone": "Kalama discourse rejects hearsay alone",
    "claim/kalama-discourse-tests-consequences": "Kalama discourse tests teachings by outcomes",
    "claim/kant-autonomy-self-legislation": "Kant defines autonomy as self-legislation",
    "claim/kant-duty-moral-worth": "Kant ties moral worth to duty",
    "claim/kant-good-will-unqualified-good": "Kant on good will as unqualified good",
    "claim/kant-humanity-end-not-means": "Kant forbids treating persons merely as means",
    "claim/kant-kingdom-ends-systematic-union": "Kant frames moral community as a kingdom of ends",
    "claim/kant-universal-law-obligation": "Kant derives obligation from universalizable maxims",
    "claim/katha-good-not-identical-pleasant": "The good and the pleasant are not one choice",
    "claim/katha-immortality-atman-brahman": "Kaṭha's immortality is an ātman-Brahman answer",
    "claim/katha-liberation-desire-knots": "Kaṭha locates liberation here",
    "claim/katha-self-unborn-not-ego-survival": "The unborn Self is not ordinary ego survival",
    "claim/leviticus-ger-resident-outsider": "Leviticus addresses a resident outsider, not simply a guest",
    "claim/lot-hospitality-morally-complex": "Lot is not an uncomplicated hospitality exemplar",
    "claim/ludlul-divine-inscrutability": "Ludlul answers innocent suffering with divine inscrutability, resolved in cult",
    "claim/manu-sacrifice-renews-humanity": "Manu's sacrifice generates renewed human life",
    "claim/marcus-aurelius-accepts-changing-whole": "Marcus accepts the whole as changing",
    "claim/marcus-aurelius-control-within-contribution": "Marcus frames control as inner contribution",
    "claim/marcus-aurelius-judgment-shapes-distress": "Marcus links distress to judgment",
    "claim/matthew-active-generosity": "Matthew 5:40-42 requires costly giving",
    "claim/matthew-enemy-love-and-prayer": "Matthew 5:44 extends love and prayer to enemies",
    "claim/matthew-nonretaliation": "Matthew 5:39 rejects personal retaliatory violence",
    "claim/matthew-sun-and-rain-impartiality": "Matthew 5:45 grounds enemy-love in divine impartiality",
    "claim/matthew-sword-relinquish-during-arrest": "Matthew 26:52 commands immediate disarmament",
    "claim/matthew-telos-perfectness": "Matthew 5:48 closes with a disputed standard of perfection",
    "claim/matthew-voluntary-arrest-and-scripture": "Matthew 26:53–56 frames the arrest as voluntary fulfillment",
    "claim/mencius-benevolent-rule-people": "Benevolent rule is judged by the people it governs",
    "claim/mencius-heaven-mediated-by-people": "Heaven’s appraisal is mediated through popular moral perception",
    "claim/mencius-profit-righteousness-priority": "Rulerly counsel is framed by virtue before wealth",
    "claim/mencius-tyrant-loses-ruler-status": "A tyrant can forfeit the moral status of ruler",
    "claim/mill-happiness-standard": "Mill defines happiness as the moral standard",
    "claim/mill-impartiality-equal-consideration": "Mill requires impartial consideration in utility",
    "claim/mill-justice-rights-utility": "Mill derives rights and justice from utility",
    "claim/mill-liberty-harm-principle": "Mill’s Harm Principle limits justified coercion",
    "claim/mill-qualitative-pleasures": "Mill distinguishes higher and lower pleasures",
    "claim/mill-rightness-independent-motive": "Mill links rightness to utility rather than motive",
    "claim/naciketas-refuses-finite-rewards": "Naciketas refuses substitutes for knowing death",
    "claim/nibbana-fire-dependence-not-destination": "The quenched-fire simile concerns exhausted dependence",
    "claim/nibbana-in-life-retains-feeling": "Awakening does not remove bodily feeling",
    "claim/nibbana-neither-eternal-self-nor-annihilation": "The Buddhist middle is not half a surviving self",
    "claim/nibbana-postmortem-predicates-inapplicable": "MN 72 refuses all four postmortem predicates",
    "claim/nibbana-two-elements-one-liberation": "The two nibbāna elements are not two destinations",
    "claim/paul-death-destroyed": "Paul treats death as an enemy to destroy",
    "claim/paul-resurrection-christ-pattern": "Christ's resurrection patterns a future resurrection",
    "claim/paul-spiritual-body-transformed": "Spiritual body does not simply mean no body",
    "claim/phaedo-affinity-not-proof": "Affinity does not yet prove imperishability",
    "claim/phaedo-defines-death-as-separation": "Phaedo defines death as soul-body separation",
    "claim/phaedo-myth-not-exact-cartography": "Phaedo qualifies its afterlife cartography",
    "claim/phaedo-practices-death-not-suicide": "Practicing death is not a license for suicide",
    "claim/plato-justification-defines-justice-as-functional-order": "Plato defines justice through functional order",
    "claim/plato-requires-philosopher-kingly-rule-for-rest": "Plato requires philosopher-kingly rule for stable justice",
    "claim/plato-rules-by-knowledge-tension-authority": "Republic articulates a knowledge-authority tension",
    "claim/pyrrhonism-equipollence-motivates-suspension": "Pyrrhonian equipollence triggers ἐποχή",
    "claim/pyrrhonism-follows-appearances": "Pyrrhonism continues practical life by appearance",
    "claim/pyrrhonism-inquiry-remains-open": "Pyrrhonism keeps inquiry open after suspension",
    "claim/pyrrhonism-suspends-judgment": "Pyrrhonism uses epoché as its immediate skeptical outcome",
    "claim/pyrrhonism-tranquility-follows-suspension": "Pyrrhonian tranquillity is tied to the skeptical procedure",
    "claim/quran-abraham-hospitality-example": "The Qur'an presents Abraham's hospitality as narrative example",
    "claim/quran-job-patient-exemplar": "The Qur'anic Job is an exemplar of ṣabr, without the protest dialogues",
    "claim/stoic-apatheia-not-numbness": "Stoic apatheia is not emotional numbness",
    "claim/stoic-externals-preferred-not-good": "Stoicism treats external goods as preferred but not decisive",
    "claim/stoic-virtue-sufficient-flourishing": "Stoic ethics treats virtue as sufficient for flourishing",
    "claim/sutrakritanga-carefulness-is-practical-discipline": "Sūtrakṛtāṅga makes carefulness a practical discipline",
    "claim/sutrakritanga-intention-does-not-exhaust-harm": "Sūtrakṛtāṅga does not reduce harm to avowed intention",
    "claim/sutrakritanga-killing-causing-consenting-bind": "Sūtrakṛtāṅga treats killing, causing, and consent as binding",
    "claim/sutta-nipata-boundless-compassion": "Snp 1.8 uses the mother analogy for boundless loving-kindness",
    "claim/sutta-nipata-inner-dart-sustains-agitation": "Snp 4.15 turns from public conflict to the inner dart",
    "claim/sutta-nipata-no-wished-pain-under-provocation": "Snp 1.8 rejects wishing pain under provocation",
    "claim/sutta-nipata-taking-up-arms-peril": "Snp 4.15 links taking up arms with peril",
    "claim/sutta-nipata-universal-welfare": "Snp 1.8 extends welfare to all beings",
    "claim/tanha-origin-not-all-desire": "Taṇhā is not every form of desire",
    "claim/tanha-sustains-renewed-existence": "The second noble truth includes renewed existence",
    "claim/thrasymachus-defines-justice-as-stronger-interest": "Thrasymachus defines justice as the stronger's advantage",
    "claim/two-arrows-distinction": "The two-arrows teaching splits pain from added suffering",
    "claim/uttaradhyayana-actions-remain-ones-own": "Uttarādhyayana denies that relations absorb one's harmful action",
    "claim/uttaradhyayana-nonharm-requires-attention": "Uttarādhyayana operationalizes non-harm as attention",
    "claim/xenia-ritualized-reciprocity": "Xenia is ritualized reciprocity, not generic kindness",
    "claim/zhuangzi-accepts-transformation": "Zhuangzi affirms continual transformation over fixed essence",
    "claim/zhuangzi-free-wandering-loosens-attachment": "Free and Easy Wandering loosens clinging",
    "claim/zhuangzi-language-cannot-fix-all-distinctions": "Zhuangzi exposes limits of fixed naming",
    "claim/zhuangzi-perspectives-remain-partial": "Zhuangzi treats perspective as bounded and revisable",
    "claim/zhuangzi-skill-adapts-without-rigid-control": "Zhuangzi’s craft is adaptive rather than coercive",
    "comparison/acaranga-matthew-nonretaliation": "Ācārāṅga and Matthew: refusing harm under unlike moral frames",
    "comparison/acaranga-sutta-nipata-nonharm": "Ācārāṅga and Sutta Nipāta: all beings under different disciplines",
    "comparison/aristotle-confucius-cultivated-flourishing": "Aristotle and Confucius: cultivated activity and relational practice",
    "comparison/aristotle-confucius-relational-obligation": "Aristotle and Confucius on obligation to others",
    "comparison/aristotle-epicurus-human-end": "Aristotle and Epicurus: competing accounts of the human end",
    "comparison/atrahasis-vs-gilgamesh-flood": "Atrahasis and Gilgamesh XI: a flood story repurposed for mortality",
    "comparison/daodejing-marcus-limited-control": "Daodejing and Marcus Aurelius: non-grasping in flux with distinct orders of reality",
    "comparison/deucalion-vs-mesopotamian-flood": "Deucalion and the Mesopotamian flood complex: transmitted architecture, Greek ethnogenesis",
    "comparison/epictetus-vs-buddhist-craving": "Epictetus and early Buddhism: training desire without false equivalence",
    "comparison/epicurus-epictetus-therapeutic-flourishing": "Epicurus and Epictetus: therapeutic flourishing with incompatible goods",
    "comparison/genesis-vs-atrahasis-flood": "Genesis and Atrahasis: inherited flood architecture, inverted social logic",
    "comparison/genesis-vs-hebrews-hospitality": "Genesis and Hebrews: angel-host narrative becomes exhortation",
    "comparison/genesis-vs-odyssey-hospitality": "Genesis and the Odyssey: welcome before disclosure",
    "comparison/job-vs-ayyub": "Job and Ayyūb: one figure, two theologies of suffering",
    "comparison/job-vs-dukkha": "Job's protest vs. the dukkha diagnosis",
    "comparison/job-vs-ludlul": "Job and the Babylonian righteous sufferer",
    "comparison/kalama-pyrrhonism-inquiry": "Kalama teaching and Pyrrhonian inquiry: not the same doubt",
    "comparison/kant-confucius-reciprocity": "Kant and Confucius: reciprocity across vocabularies",
    "comparison/kant-mill-universal-moral-scope": "Kant and Mill: universal moral scope",
    "comparison/katha-vs-pali-liberation": "Kaṭha immortality and Pāli nibbāna: a shared death question without a shared Self",
    "comparison/mencius-documents-heaven-people-quotation": "Mencius quotes the Great Declaration on Heaven and the people",
    "comparison/mencius-first-samuel-accountable-rule": "Mencius and First Samuel: authority under moral judgment",
    "comparison/phaedo-vs-paul-resurrection": "Phaedo and 1 Corinthians 15: separable soul versus transformed body",
    "comparison/republic-great-learning-cultivated-rule": "Republic and Great Learning: cultivated persons and political order",
    "comparison/sn56-vs-gita-desire": "Early Buddhist craving and the Gītā: cessation and disciplined action",
    "comparison/sutta-nipata-matthew-provocation": "Sutta Nipāta and Matthew: concern beyond reciprocity",
    "comparison/zhuangzi-pyrrhonism-epistemic-humility": "Zhuangzi and Pyrrhonism: loosening rigid assent through different logics",
    "passage/acaranga-agency-for-harm": "Doing, causing, and allowing are named as causes of sin",
    "passage/acaranga-alms-living-food": "Mendicant alms rules inspect food for living beings",
    "passage/acaranga-neither-inflict-cause-consent": "The sage neither inflicts, orders, nor assents to pain",
    "passage/acaranga-unchangeable-law-noninjury": "The law forbids slaying, violence, abuse, torment, and expulsion",
    "passage/an-3-65-harm-and-welfare": "Test teachings by harm and welfare",
    "passage/an-3-65-hearsay-authority": "Do not rely on authority alone",
    "passage/analects-1-1": "Learning by steady self-cultivation in friendship",
    "passage/analects-12-1": "Virtue as self-discipline aligned with propriety",
    "passage/analects-12-2": "Reciprocity in public and private conduct",
    "passage/analects-15-24": "Reciprocity as a lifelong practice",
    "passage/analects-4-15": "An all-pervading unity as ethical orientation",
    "passage/analects-6-30": "Self-establishment follows from helping others",
    "passage/apollodorus-1-7-2-deucalion": "Prometheus warns Deucalion to build a chest",
    "passage/aristotle-politics-1253a2-3": "Man is by nature a political animal",
    "passage/aristotle-politics-1279a25-31": "Constitutions are true when they serve common interest",
    "passage/atrahasis-human-noise": "Human clamor keeps Enlil awake",
    "passage/book-of-documents-heaven-sees-hears": "Great Declaration ties Heaven’s view and hearing to the people",
    "passage/book-of-documents-taijia-mandate-not-constant": "The Charge to Tâi Kiâ makes Heaven's appointment conditional",
    "passage/confessions-8-5-10": "Indulged desire hardens into necessity",
    "passage/confessions-8-5-12": "Grace answers the bound will's plea",
    "passage/confessions-8-9-21": "The mind commands itself and is resisted",
    "passage/daodejing-1-naming": "Limitations of naming at the opening",
    "passage/daodejing-29-world-sacred-vessel": "Non-coercive governance and political restraint",
    "passage/daodejing-71-knowing-not-knowing": "Knowing through disciplined non-knowledge",
    "passage/dhammapada-277-278": "All conditioned things are impermanent; all are dukkha",
    "passage/epictetus-discourses-1-1": "Epictetus on the limits of unreflective faculties",
    "passage/epictetus-discourses-1-2": "What is reasonable depends on the situation",
    "passage/epictetus-encheiridion-1": "Some things are up to us and others are not",
    "passage/epictetus-encheiridion-2": "Suspend desire for the present",
    "passage/first-corinthians-15-20-26": "Christ's resurrection begins death's defeat",
    "passage/first-corinthians-15-42-44": "The raised body is transformed",
    "passage/first-corinthians-15-51-55": "Mortality puts on immortality",
    "passage/first-samuel-12-13-15": "Samuel places king and people under conditional obedience",
    "passage/first-samuel-8-7-18": "Rejection and warning over demands for kingship",
    "passage/genesis-18-1-8": "Abraham runs to welcome three visitors",
    "passage/genesis-19-1-8": "Lot receives visitors amid threatened violence",
    "passage/genesis-6-5-7": "Wickedness, grief, and the decision to destroy",
    "passage/genesis-9-11-13": "The no-more-flood covenant and its sign",
    "passage/gilgamesh-11-160-161": "The gods gather over the flood survivor's offering",
    "passage/gita-2-47": "Action without attachment to its fruit",
    "passage/gita-2-62-63": "Attention becomes attachment, desire, anger, and ruin",
    "passage/gita-3-37-41": "Desire and wrath obscure knowledge",
    "passage/great-learning-self-family-state-kingdom": "Great Learning maps cultivation from person to state",
    "passage/great-learning-three-aims": "Great Learning states its three aims",
    "passage/groundwork-duty-moral-worth-4-397": "Duty as the occasion for moral worth",
    "passage/groundwork-good-will-4-393": "Only a good will is good without limitation",
    "passage/groundwork-humanity-formula-4-429": "Humanity as an end in itself",
    "passage/groundwork-kingdom-ends-4-433": "Kingdom of ends and legislative morality",
    "passage/groundwork-universal-law-4-421": "Action from a maxim that could be universal law",
    "passage/hebrews-13-2": "Some hosts received angels unawares",
    "passage/iti-44-two-elements": "Nibbāna in life and without residue",
    "passage/job-38-whirlwind": "God answers Job out of the whirlwind",
    "passage/job-42-7": "Ye have not spoken of me the thing that is right",
    "passage/john-9-man-born-blind": "Who did sin, this man, or his parents?",
    "passage/katha-1-1-26-28": "Naciketas refuses wealth, longevity, and pleasure",
    "passage/katha-1-2-18": "The knowing Self is unborn and undying",
    "passage/katha-2-3-14-15": "Desires cease and the mortal becomes immortal",
    "passage/leviticus-19-33-34": "Love the resident stranger as yourself",
    "passage/ludlul-2-33-38": "Who knows the will of the gods in heaven?",
    "passage/matthew-26-47-56": "The arrest in Gethsemane",
    "passage/matthew-5-38-42": "Eye for eye and nonretaliation",
    "passage/matthew-5-43-48": "Love enemies and pray for enemies",
    "passage/meditations-4-3-judgment": "Retire inwardly before searching outward comforts",
    "passage/meditations-8-47-opinion": "Disturbance comes from judgment, not events",
    "passage/mencius-1a1": "Mencius limits counsel to benevolence and righteousness",
    "passage/mencius-1b8": "Mencius recategorizes the tyrant as a mere fellow",
    "passage/mencius-5a5": "Heaven tracks the people’s moral world",
    "passage/menoeceus-death-nothing": "Epicurean indifference to death as flourishing",
    "passage/menoeceus-pleasure-goal": "Pleasure as mark and aim of a happy life",
    "passage/mn-72-fire-fuel": "A quenched fire has exhausted its fuel",
    "passage/mn-72-four-predicates": "Four postmortem answers do not apply",
    "passage/nicomachean-ethics-1-1": "Aristotle frames every pursuit by its good",
    "passage/nicomachean-ethics-1-7": "Human flourishing is virtuous activity of the soul",
    "passage/nicomachean-ethics-2-1": "Virtue is developed through habituated character",
    "passage/nicomachean-ethics-5-1": "Justice as a state of character",
    "passage/nicomachean-ethics-5-3": "Distributive and rectifying justice",
    "passage/nicomachean-ethics-8-1": "Friendship as a condition of a good life",
    "passage/odyssey-1-120-124": "Telemachus feeds the stranger before questioning",
    "passage/odyssey-9-266-271": "Zeus avenges strangers and suppliants",
    "passage/on-liberty-harm-principle-1": "Mill's harm principle",
    "passage/outlines-1-12-tranquility": "The tranquilizing aim of skepticism",
    "passage/outlines-1-19-24-appearances": "Pyrrhonian treatment of appearances and everyday criteria",
    "passage/outlines-1-8-10-sceptical-ability": "Sceptical power in opposition, epoché, and tranquillity",
    "passage/phaedo-114c-d": "The bodiless hope is a glorious venture, not exact cartography",
    "passage/phaedo-64c": "Death is the separation of soul and body",
    "passage/phaedo-80b": "Soul resembles the divine; body resembles the mortal",
    "passage/principal-doctrine-3": "Epicurean restraint as criterion for pleasure",
    "passage/principal-doctrine-5": "Prudence, honor, and justice in flourishing",
    "passage/quran-21-83-84": "Lo! adversity afflicteth me",
    "passage/quran-38-44": "Lo! We found him steadfast",
    "passage/quran-51-24-27": "Abraham's honoured guests receive a fatted calf",
    "passage/republic-338c-thrasymachus-justice-stronger": "Thrasymachus on justice and the stronger",
    "passage/republic-433a-b-each-class-does-work": "Justice as each class doing its proper work",
    "passage/republic-473c-d-philosophers-kings-rest": "No rest until philosophers rule",
    "passage/satapatha-1-8-1-manu-flood": "The fish promises reciprocal rescue",
    "passage/sn-36-6-two-arrows": "The two arrows",
    "passage/sn-44-10-survival": "Survival and annihilation share a mistaken self-premise",
    "passage/sn-56-11-craving": "Craving is the origin of suffering",
    "passage/sutrakritanga-activity-and-hostility": "The activity lecture refuses to reduce harm to conscious avowal",
    "passage/sutrakritanga-carefulness-all-beings": "Carefulness treats all beings as oneself",
    "passage/sutrakritanga-killing-causing-consenting": "Killing, causing, and consenting increase bondage",
    "passage/sutta-nipata-snp1-8-universal-welfare": "Snp 1.8 extends loving-kindness without exception",
    "passage/sutta-nipata-snp4-15-armed-peril-dart": "Snp 4.15 traces armed peril to a dart in the heart",
    "passage/utilitarianism-higher-pleasures-2": "Higher and lower pleasures",
    "passage/utilitarianism-impartial-happiness-2": "Impartial happiness as the utilitarian standard",
    "passage/utilitarianism-motive-rightness-2": "Moral rightness and motive",
    "passage/utilitarianism-rights-justice-5": "Justice, rights, and reciprocity",
    "passage/uttaradhyayana-careless-killing-accountability": "Careless killing cannot be displaced onto one's relations",
    "passage/uttaradhyayana-samitis-guptis": "Samitis and guptis operationalize non-harm",
    "passage/zhuangzi-17-river-god": "Bounded knowing in sea, season, and doctrine",
    "passage/zhuangzi-2-perspectival-knowing": "Different natures suit different homes",
    "passage/zhuangzi-2-this-and-that": "Two-sided attention",
    "passage/zhuangzi-6-transformation": "Heaven and earth as a melting-pot",
    "question/death-liberation": "What happens at death—and what is liberation?",
    "question/desire-self-mastery": "What should we do with desire?",
    "question/flood-recurrence": "Why does the flood story recur across cultures?",
    "question/hospitality-stranger": "What do we owe the stranger at the door?",
    "question/human-flourishing": "What makes a human life go well?",
    "question/innocent-suffering": "Why do the innocent suffer?",
    "question/mutual-obligation": "What do we owe one another?",
    "question/political-legitimacy": "What makes political authority legitimate?",
    "question/uncertainty-control": "How should we live with uncertainty and limited control?",
    "question/violence-nonviolence": "When is violence justified, and what does nonviolence require?",
    "ritual/sitting-shiva": "Sitting shiva",
    "source/abbott-kant-groundwork-1895": "Abbott, Kant, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals",
    "source/adler-origins-judaism": "Adler — The Origins of Judaism",
    "source/aguirre-deucalion": "Aguirre, Deukalion and Pyrrha",
    "source/ahn-venter-genesis-18": "Ahn and Venter, Fellowship Narrative of Genesis 18",
    "source/annas-introduction-platos-republic-1981": "Annas, Introduction to Plato's Republic",
    "source/annas-morality-happiness": "Annas, The Morality of Happiness",
    "source/annus-lenzi-ludlul": "Annus & Lenzi, Ludlul bēl nēmeqi (2010)",
    "source/bailey-epicurus-1926": "Bailey, Epicurus: The Extant Remains (1926)",
    "source/bartholomeusz-in-defense-of-dharma": "Bartholomeusz, In Defense of Dharma",
    "source/bett-pyrrho-legacy": "Bett, Pyrrho, his Antecedents, and his Legacy",
    "source/blankinship-hospitality-islam": "Blankinship, Hospitality and Islam",
    "source/bodhi-numerical-discourses": "Bodhi, The Numerical Discourses",
    "source/bronkhorst-greater-magadha": "Bronkhorst, Greater Magadha",
    "source/brown-john": "Brown, The Gospel According to John I–XII (1966)",
    "source/bukhari-guest-right": "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, guest-right reports",
    "source/carr-genesis-flood": "Carr, Precursors to the Flood Narrative",
    "source/chapple-nonviolence-animals-earth-self": "Chapple, Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self",
    "source/cline-confucius-rawls-justice": "Cline, Confucius, Rawls, and the Sense of Justice",
    "source/collins-invention-judaism": "Collins — The Invention of Judaism",
    "source/collins-nirvana": "Collins, Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative",
    "source/cook-enspirited-body": "Cook, The Enspirited Body in 1 Corinthians 15",
    "source/cort-jains-in-the-world": "Cort, Jains in the World",
    "source/crisp-routledge-utilitarianism": "Crisp, Mill on Utilitarianism",
    "source/dalley-myths-mesopotamia": "Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia",
    "source/davies-allison-matthew-icc-volume-1-1988": "Davies and Allison, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Matthew, vol. 1",
    "source/day-genesis-flood": "Day, Genesis and ancient Near Eastern flood accounts",
    "source/donner-fumerton-mill": "Donner and Fumerton, Mill",
    "source/driver-history-utilitarianism": "Driver, The History of Utilitarianism",
    "source/dundas-jains": "Dundas, The Jains",
    "source/durand-shogry-baltzly-stoicism": "Durand, Shogry, and Baltzly — Stoicism (SEP)",
    "source/ebrey-phaedo": "Ebrey, Plato's Phaedo",
    "source/eggeling-satapatha": "Eggeling's Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa",
    "source/ekenberg-confessions-wills": "Ekenberg, Practical Rationality and the Wills of Confessions 8",
    "source/framarin-desire-gita": "Framarin, The Desire You Are Required to Get Rid Of",
    "source/frazer-apollodorus": "Frazer's Apollodorus",
    "source/gardner-four-books-2007": "Gardner, The Four Books",
    "source/george-babylonian-gilgamesh": "George, The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic",
    "source/gethin-foundations": "Gethin, The Foundations of Buddhism (1998)",
    "source/gethin-review-selfless-mind": "Gethin, review of The Selfless Mind",
    "source/graver-sep-epictetus": "Graver, Epictetus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)",
    "source/graver-stoicism-emotion": "Graver, Stoicism and Emotion",
    "source/hadot-inner-citadel": "Hadot, Inner Citadel",
    "source/hansen-daoism": "Hansen, Daoism",
    "source/harvey-introduction-buddhism": "Harvey, An Introduction to Buddhism",
    "source/harvey-selfless-mind": "Harvey, The Selfless Mind",
    "source/heffron-atrahasis-noise": "Heffron on rigmu in Atra-ḫasīs",
    "source/herman-ritualised-friendship": "Herman, Ritualised Friendship and the Greek City",
    "source/hicks-epicurus-1925": "Hicks, Epicurus (1925)",
    "source/inwood-ethics-human-action-stoicism": "Inwood, Ethics and Human Action in Early Stoicism",
    "source/jacobi-jaina-sutras-part-1": "Jacobi, Jaina Sūtras, Part I (SBE 22)",
    "source/jacobi-jaina-sutras-part-2": "Jacobi, Jaina Sūtras, Part II (SBE 45)",
    "source/jacobson-neighbor": "Jacobson and Jacobson, The Old Testament and the Neighbor",
    "source/jerryson-juergensmeyer-buddhist-warfare": "Jerryson and Juergensmeyer, Buddhist Warfare",
    "source/johns-quranic-job": "Johns, Qur'anic presentation of Job (1999)",
    "source/johnson-cureton-kant-moral": "Johnson & Cureton, Kant's Moral Philosophy",
    "source/jowett-phaedo-1892": "Jowett, Plato's Phaedo (1892)",
    "source/jowett-politics-1885": "Jowett, Politics (1885)",
    "source/jowett-republic-1892": "Jowett, Plato: The Republic (1892)",
    "source/kjv-bible": "King James Version",
    "source/komline-augustine-will": "Komline, Augustine on the Will",
    "source/konstan-epicurus": "Konstan, Epicurus",
    "source/korsgaard-creating-kingdom-ends": "Korsgaard, Creating the Kingdom of Ends",
    "source/kraut-aristotle-ethics": "Kraut, Aristotle's Ethics",
    "source/kraut-aristotle-political-philosophy-2002": "Kraut, Aristotle: Political Philosophy",
    "source/lambert-bwl": "Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature (1960)",
    "source/lambert-millard-atrahasis": "Lambert and Millard's Atra-ḫasīs edition",
    "source/lamm-jewish-mourning": "Lamm, The Jewish Way in Death and Mourning (1969)",
    "source/legge-analects-1893": "Legge, Analects (1893)",
    "source/legge-great-learning-1893": "Legge, Great Learning (1893)",
    "source/legge-mencius-1895": "Legge, Mencius (1895)",
    "source/legge-shu-king-1879": "Legge, The Shû King (SBE 3, 1879)",
    "source/legge-tao-te-ching-1891": "Legge, Tao Te Ching (The Texts of Taoism, Part I)",
    "source/legge-zhuangzi-1891": "Legge, Writings of Kwang-tze (The Texts of Taoism, Part I)",
    "source/long-epictetus-1877": "Long, Discourses and Encheiridion of Epictetus (1877)",
    "source/long-epictetus-guide": "Long, Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life",
    "source/long-jainism-introduction": "Long, Jainism: An Introduction",
    "source/long-meditations-1862": "Marcus Aurelius, The Thoughts of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Long, 1862)",
    "source/lorenz-ancient-soul": "Lorenz, Ancient Theories of Soul",
    "source/luz-matthew-1-7-hermeneia-2007": "Ulrich Luz, Matthew 1–7: A Commentary",
    "source/magnone-deluge": "Magnone, Floodlighting the Deluge",
    "source/malinar-bhagavad-gita": "Malinar, The Bhagavadgita: Doctrines and Contexts",
    "source/martin-corinthian-body": "Martin, The Corinthian Body",
    "source/martin-ot-hospitality": "Martin, Old Testament Foundations for Christian Hospitality",
    "source/mccarthy-1973-inauguration-monarchy": "McCarthy, The Inauguration of Monarchy in Israel",
    "source/milgrom-leviticus": "Milgrom, Leviticus 17–22",
    "source/mill-on-liberty-1859": "Mill, On Liberty (1859)",
    "source/mill-utilitarianism-1863": "Mill, Utilitarianism (1863)",
    "source/morschauser-hospitality-hostages": "Morschauser, Hospitality, Hostiles and Hostages",
    "source/mueller-dhammapada": "Müller, The Dhammapada (SBE X)",
    "source/muller-katha-upanishad": "Müller, Kaṭha-Upanishad (1884)",
    "source/murray-odyssey": "Murray, Odyssey (1919)",
    "source/muslim-guest-right": "Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, guest-right report",
    "source/newsom-job": "Newsom, The Book of Job (2003)",
    "source/nylan-five-confucian-classics-2001": "Nylan, The Five Confucian Classics (2001)",
    "source/okeefe-epicureanism": "O'Keefe, Epicureanism",
    "source/olberding-moral-exemplars": "Olberding, Moral Exemplars in the Analects: The Good Person Is That",
    "source/olivelle-early-upanishads": "Olivelle, The Early Upaniṣads",
    "source/oneill-acting-principle": "O'Neill, Acting on Principle",
    "source/patrick-pyrrhonic-sketches-1899": "Patrick, Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism",
    "source/perin-demands-reason": "Perin, The Demands of Reason",
    "source/pickthall-quran": "Pickthall, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran (1930)",
    "source/pilkington-confessions": "Pilkington, Confessions (1876)",
    "source/pines-everlasting-empire": "Pines, The Everlasting Empire",
    "source/r-t-france-gospel-of-matthew-nicnt-2007": "R. T. France, The Gospel of Matthew",
    "source/reece-strangers-welcome": "Reece, The Stranger's Welcome",
    "source/riegel-confucius": "Riegel, Confucius",
    "source/rose-dowden-deucalion": "Oxford Classical Dictionary: Deucalion",
    "source/ross-nicomachean-ethics-1925": "Ross, W. D., Nicomachean Ethics (1925)",
    "source/roth-zhuangzi": "Roth, The Contemplative Foundations of Classical Daoism",
    "source/salihin-hospitality-rights": "Salihin, Ali, and Muhammad, Hospitality as a Constituent of Human Rights",
    "source/sangiacomo-buddhist-craving": "Sangiacomo, The Meaning of Existence (bhava)",
    "source/saritoprak-welcoming-stranger": "Saritoprak, Welcoming the Stranger in Islam",
    "source/schofield-plato-political-philosophy-2006": "Schofield, Plato: Political Philosophy",
    "source/sellars-stoicism": "Sellars, Stoicism",
    "source/sherman-making-necessity-virtue": "Sherman, Making a Necessity of Virtue",
    "source/sim-remastering-morals": "Sim, Remastering Morals",
    "source/slingerland-analects": "Slingerland, Confucius: Analects",
    "source/sujato-an3-65": "Sujato, The Kesamutti Discourse (AN 3.65)",
    "source/sujato-iti44": "Sujato, Facets of Quenching (Iti 44)",
    "source/sujato-mn72": "Sujato, With Vacchagotta on Fire (MN 72)",
    "source/sujato-sn44-10": "Sujato, With Ānanda (SN 44.10)",
    "source/sujato-sn56-11": "Sujato, Rolling Forth the Wheel of Dhamma (SN 56.11)",
    "source/sujato-sutta-nipata": "Sujato, Sutta Nipāta",
    "source/tahtinen-ahimsa": "Tähtinen, Ahiṃsā",
    "source/telang-bhagavad-gita": "Telang, Bhagavadgîtâ (1882)",
    "source/thanissaro-sn36-6": "Thanissaro, Sallatha Sutta translation (1997)",
    "source/thompson-gilgamesh": "Thompson's Epic of Gilgamish",
    "source/tigay-gilgamesh-evolution": "Tigay, The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic",
    "source/upadhyaya-buddhism-gita": "Upadhyaya, Early Buddhism's Impact on the Bhagavadgītā",
    "source/van-norden-mengzi-2008": "Van Norden, Mengzi",
    "source/vassilkov-indian-mesopotamian-floods": "Vassilkov on Indian and Mesopotamian flood myths",
    "source/vogt-sextus-empiricus": "Vogt, Sextus Empiricus",
    "source/warren-cambridge-epicureanism": "Warren, The Cambridge Companion to Epicureanism",
    "source/watanabe-encheiridion": "Watanabe, Epictetus: Encheiridion",
    "source/waters-reading-sodom": "Waters, Reading Sodom through Sexual Violence Against Women",
    "source/wiley-historical-dictionary-jainism": "Wiley, Historical Dictionary of Jainism",
    "source/wood-kantian-ethics": "Wood, Kantian Ethics",
    "source/yu-ethics-confucius-aristotle": "Yu, Ethics of Confucius and Aristotle",
    "source/ziporyn-zhuangzi-essential": "Ziporyn, Zhuangzi: Essential Writings",
    "story/flood-survivor": "The warned flood survivor",
    "story/hidden-visitor": "The hidden visitor",
    "story/righteous-sufferer": "The righteous sufferer",
    "text/acaranga-sutra": "Ācārāṅga Sūtra",
    "text/analects": "Analects",
    "text/anguttara-nikaya": "Aṅguttara Nikāya",
    "text/aristotle-politics": "Aristotle, Politics",
    "text/atrahasis": "Atra-ḫasīs",
    "text/bhagavad-gita": "Bhagavad Gītā",
    "text/book-of-documents": "Book of Documents",
    "text/book-of-job": "Book of Job",
    "text/confessions": "Confessions",
    "text/daodejing": "Daodejing",
    "text/dhammapada": "Dhammapada",
    "text/epic-of-gilgamesh": "The Epic of Gilgamesh",
    "text/epictetus-discourses": "Discourses of Epictetus",
    "text/epictetus-encheiridion": "Encheiridion (Handbook) of Epictetus",
    "text/epistle-to-hebrews": "Epistle to the Hebrews",
    "text/first-corinthians": "First Epistle to the Corinthians",
    "text/first-samuel": "First Samuel",
    "text/genesis": "Genesis",
    "text/gospel-of-john": "Gospel of John",
    "text/gospel-of-matthew": "Gospel of Matthew",
    "text/great-learning": "Great Learning",
    "text/groundwork-metaphysics-morals": "Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals",
    "text/itivuttaka": "Itivuttaka",
    "text/katha-upanishad": "Kaṭha Upaniṣad",
    "text/letter-to-menoeceus": "Letter to Menoeceus",
    "text/leviticus": "Leviticus",
    "text/library-of-apollodorus": "The Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus",
    "text/ludlul-bel-nemeqi": "Ludlul bēl nēmeqi",
    "text/majjhima-nikaya": "Majjhima Nikāya",
    "text/marcus-aurelius-meditations": "Meditations",
    "text/mencius": "Mencius",
    "text/nicomachean-ethics": "Nicomachean Ethics",
    "text/odyssey": "Odyssey",
    "text/on-liberty": "On Liberty",
    "text/outlines-of-pyrrhonism": "Outlines of Pyrrhonism",
    "text/phaedo": "Phaedo",
    "text/plato-republic": "Plato, Republic",
    "text/principal-doctrines": "Epicurean Principal Doctrines",
    "text/quran": "Qur'an",
    "text/samyutta-nikaya": "Saṃyutta Nikāya",
    "text/satapatha-brahmana": "Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa",
    "text/sutrakritanga": "Sūtrakṛtāṅga",
    "text/sutta-nipata": "Sutta Nipāta",
    "text/utilitarianism": "Utilitarianism",
    "text/uttaradhyayana-sutra": "Uttarādhyayana Sūtra",
    "text/zhuangzi": "Zhuangzi",
    "theme/death-liberation": "Death and liberation",
    "theme/desire-self-mastery": "Desire and self-mastery",
    "theme/hospitality": "Hospitality and the stranger",
    "theme/human-flourishing": "Human flourishing",
    "theme/impermanence": "Impermanence",
    "theme/moral-obligation": "Moral obligation",
    "theme/political-legitimacy": "Political legitimacy",
    "theme/uncertainty-and-control": "Uncertainty and control",
    "theme/violence-and-nonviolence": "Violence and nonviolence",
    "tradition/aristotelianism": "Aristotelianism",
    "tradition/buddhism": "Buddhism",
    "tradition/christianity": "Christianity",
    "tradition/confucianism": "Confucianism",
    "tradition/early-daoist-philosophy": "Early Daoist philosophy",
    "tradition/epicureanism": "Epicureanism",
    "tradition/greek-religion": "Ancient Greek religion",
    "tradition/hinduism": "Hinduism",
    "tradition/islam": "Islam",
    "tradition/jainism": "Jainism",
    "tradition/judaism": "Judaism",
    "tradition/kantian-ethics": "Kantian ethics",
    "tradition/mesopotamian-religion": "Ancient Mesopotamian religion",
    "tradition/platonism": "Platonism",
    "tradition/pyrrhonism": "Pyrrhonism",
    "tradition/stoicism": "Stoicism",
    "tradition/utilitarianism": "Utilitarianism",
    "tradition/vedic-religion": "Vedic religion"
  },
  "caveat": "Temporal overlap is not evidence of contact, borrowing, ancestry, or influence.",
  "facets": {
    "kinds": [
      "attestation",
      "composition",
      "origin",
      "practice",
      "publication"
    ],
    "certainties": [
      "approximate",
      "disputed",
      "exact"
    ],
    "nodeTypes": [
      "text",
      "tradition"
    ],
    "traditions": [
      "tradition/aristotelianism",
      "tradition/buddhism",
      "tradition/christianity",
      "tradition/confucianism",
      "tradition/early-daoist-philosophy",
      "tradition/epicureanism",
      "tradition/greek-religion",
      "tradition/hinduism",
      "tradition/islam",
      "tradition/jainism",
      "tradition/judaism",
      "tradition/kantian-ethics",
      "tradition/mesopotamian-religion",
      "tradition/platonism",
      "tradition/pyrrhonism",
      "tradition/stoicism",
      "tradition/utilitarianism",
      "tradition/vedic-religion"
    ]
  },
  "events": [
    {
      "id": "tradition/mesopotamian-religion#documented-practice",
      "node": "tradition/mesopotamian-religion",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Ancient Mesopotamian religion",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "practice",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "c. 3500–539 BCE, with traditions persisting later",
      "start": {
        "value": 3500,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 539,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": -3500,
      "sortEnd": -539,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/lambert-bwl"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/mesopotamian-religion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/epic-of-gilgamesh#standard-babylonian-version",
      "node": "text/epic-of-gilgamesh",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "The Epic of Gilgamesh",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "Late 2nd millennium BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "millennium"
      },
      "sortStart": -2000,
      "sortEnd": -1001,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/george-babylonian-gilgamesh"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/mesopotamian-religion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/vedic-religion#formative-period",
      "node": "tradition/vedic-religion",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Vedic religion",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "2nd–1st millennium BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "millennium"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "millennium"
      },
      "sortStart": -2000,
      "sortEnd": -1,
      "note": "The boundary between Vedic periods and the dating of individual textual layers are scholarly reconstructions, not a single foundation event.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/eggeling-satapatha"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/vedic-religion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/hinduism#formative-period",
      "node": "tradition/hinduism",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Hinduism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Formative continuities from the 2nd millennium BCE; classical syntheses span the late 1st millennium BCE and 1st millennium CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "millennium"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "millennium"
      },
      "sortStart": -2000,
      "sortEnd": 1000,
      "note": "Hinduism has no single foundation event; the range represents long, debated processes of continuity and synthesis.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/malinar-bhagavad-gita"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/olivelle-early-upanishads"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/hinduism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/atrahasis#old-babylonian-recension",
      "node": "text/atrahasis",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Atra-ḫasīs",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "17th century BCE Old Babylonian recension",
      "start": {
        "value": 17,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -1700,
      "sortEnd": -1601,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/lambert-millard-atrahasis"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/mesopotamian-religion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/ludlul-bel-nemeqi#kassite-composition",
      "node": "text/ludlul-bel-nemeqi",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Ludlul bēl nēmeqi",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Kassite period; anchored near the reign of Nazi-Maruttaš (c. 1307–1282 BCE)",
      "start": {
        "value": 1307,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 1282,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": -1307,
      "sortEnd": -1282,
      "note": "A royal mention supplies a historical anchor but does not prove an exact composition interval.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/lambert-bwl"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/mesopotamian-religion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/book-of-documents#composition",
      "node": "text/book-of-documents",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Book of Documents",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "11th-3rd century BCE (disputed)",
      "start": {
        "value": 11,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -1100,
      "sortEnd": -201,
      "note": "Layering, excavation, and later transmission make precise date boundaries contested across the textual tradition.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/nylan-five-confucian-classics-2001",
          "locator": "chronology chapter"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/confucianism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/first-samuel#first-samuel-composition",
      "node": "text/first-samuel",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "First Samuel",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "10th-6th century BCE traditions and redaction (disputed)",
      "start": {
        "value": 10,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 6,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -1000,
      "sortEnd": -501,
      "note": "The 1 Samuel 8-12 sequence is textually composite, so single-date assertions about its political theory should be treated as periodized claims.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/mccarthy-1973-inauguration-monarchy",
          "locator": "1 Samuel 8-12"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/judaism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/genesis#composition-and-editing",
      "node": "text/genesis",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Genesis",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Layered composition and editing across the 1st millennium BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "millennium"
      },
      "sortStart": -1000,
      "sortEnd": -1,
      "note": "Different materials and editorial stages are dated differently.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/carr-genesis-flood"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/judaism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/katha-upanishad#composition",
      "node": "text/katha-upanishad",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Kaṭha Upaniṣad",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Mid-to-late 1st millennium BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "millennium"
      },
      "sortStart": -1000,
      "sortEnd": -1,
      "note": "Exact date, strata, and relationship to other renunciant currents remain disputed.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/olivelle-early-upanishads"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/hinduism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/leviticus#composition-and-editing",
      "node": "text/leviticus",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Leviticus",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Composition and editing across the 1st millennium BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "millennium"
      },
      "sortStart": -1000,
      "sortEnd": -1,
      "note": "Priestly materials and the Holiness collection may reflect different periods.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/milgrom-leviticus"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/judaism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/satapatha-brahmana#composition",
      "node": "text/satapatha-brahmana",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Layered composition in the 1st millennium BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "millennium"
      },
      "sortStart": -1000,
      "sortEnd": -1,
      "note": "The text contains layers whose internal chronology remains debated.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/eggeling-satapatha"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/vedic-religion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/judaism#formation",
      "node": "tradition/judaism",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Judaism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Formation debated across the 1st millennium BCE and Second Temple period",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "millennium"
      },
      "sortStart": -1000,
      "sortEnd": -1,
      "note": "Textual identity, communal self-description, and widespread Torah observance need not begin at the same moment; scholarship locates different formation thresholds.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/collins-invention-judaism"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/adler-origins-judaism"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/judaism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/greek-religion#early-attestation",
      "node": "tradition/greek-religion",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Ancient Greek religion",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "attestation",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "Textually attested from the 8th century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 8,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -800,
      "sortEnd": -701,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/rose-dowden-deucalion"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/greek-religion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/odyssey#composition",
      "node": "text/odyssey",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Odyssey",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "Late 8th–early 7th century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 8,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 7,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -800,
      "sortEnd": -601,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/murray-odyssey"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/greek-religion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/confucianism#origin",
      "node": "tradition/confucianism",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Confucianism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "6th-5th century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 6,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 5,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -600,
      "sortEnd": -401,
      "note": "Dating is disputed because texts are layered and survive through later canonization.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/riegel-confucius"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/confucianism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/book-of-job#dialogue-composition",
      "node": "text/book-of-job",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Book of Job",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "c. 6th–4th century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 6,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -600,
      "sortEnd": -301,
      "note": "The poetic dialogues, prose frame, and final form may have different histories.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/newsom-job"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/judaism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/jainism#origin",
      "node": "tradition/jainism",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Jainism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Ancient north Indian origins; conventional chronologies vary",
      "start": {
        "value": 6,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -600,
      "sortEnd": -301,
      "note": "Mahāvīra's dates and the relation between remembered teachers, community formation, and textual redaction are not one event.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/dundas-jains"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/wiley-historical-dictionary-jainism"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/jainism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/buddhism#origin",
      "node": "tradition/buddhism",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Buddhism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "c. 5th century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 5,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -500,
      "sortEnd": -401,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/gethin-foundations"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/buddhism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/acaranga-sutra#composition",
      "node": "text/acaranga-sutra",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Ācārāṅga Sūtra",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Older strata conventionally placed in the mid-1st millennium BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 5,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -500,
      "sortEnd": -201,
      "note": "The two books and their redaction are layered; this wide band is an orientation, not a single composition date.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/dundas-jains"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/wiley-historical-dictionary-jainism"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/jainism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/analects#compilation",
      "node": "text/analects",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Analects",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "5th-3rd century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 5,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -500,
      "sortEnd": -201,
      "note": "Authorship and compilation phases are disputed because the text is anthologized from earlier sayings.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/slingerland-analects"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/confucianism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/dhammapada#collection-formation",
      "node": "text/dhammapada",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Dhammapada",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Early Buddhist period; collection by roughly the 3rd century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 5,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -500,
      "sortEnd": -201,
      "note": "Individual verses may be earlier than the anthology, and the collection date is debated.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/gethin-foundations"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/buddhism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/early-daoist-philosophy#tradition-emergence",
      "node": "tradition/early-daoist-philosophy",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Early Daoist philosophy",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Late 5th to early 3rd century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 5,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -500,
      "sortEnd": -201,
      "note": "Textual layers and transmission are disputed; the traditional school name is partly retrospective.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/hansen-daoism",
          "locator": "formation and early circulation"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/legge-zhuangzi-1891",
          "locator": "Introduction"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/early-daoist-philosophy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/great-learning#composition",
      "node": "text/great-learning",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Great Learning",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "5th-2nd century BCE (disputed)",
      "start": {
        "value": 5,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -500,
      "sortEnd": -101,
      "note": "The received text was transmitted as a Book of Rites chapter and later reorganized by Zhu Xi; the dating and extent of earlier layers remain disputed.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/gardner-four-books-2007",
          "locator": "historical introduction"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/confucianism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/aristotle-politics#composition",
      "node": "text/aristotle-politics",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Aristotle, Politics",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "4th century BCE (composition and redaction history disputed)",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -301,
      "note": "The exact sequence of lecture notes and editorial compilation for the Politics text is not settled.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/kraut-aristotle-political-philosophy-2002"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/aristotelianism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/nicomachean-ethics#compilation",
      "node": "text/nicomachean-ethics",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Nicomachean Ethics",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "4th century BCE (compilation and redaction debated)",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -301,
      "note": "The transmission history is debated regarding when Aristotle's lecture notes were editorially finalized.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/kraut-aristotle-ethics"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/aristotelianism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/phaedo#composition",
      "node": "text/phaedo",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Phaedo",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "4th century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -301,
      "note": "The dialogue is commonly assigned to Plato's middle period, but exact dating is disputed.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/ebrey-phaedo"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/platonism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/plato-republic#plato-republic-composition",
      "node": "text/plato-republic",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Plato, Republic",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "4th century BCE (exact date disputed)",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -301,
      "note": "The dialogue is usually placed in Plato's middle period, but its exact date and whether it underwent meaningful revision remain disputed.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/annas-introduction-platos-republic-1981",
          "locator": "Introduction"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/schofield-plato-political-philosophy-2006",
          "locator": "introduction"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/platonism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/aristotelianism#origin",
      "node": "tradition/aristotelianism",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Aristotelianism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "c. 4th century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -301,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/kraut-aristotle-ethics"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/aristotelianism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/platonism#origin",
      "node": "tradition/platonism",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Platonism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "4th century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -301,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/ebrey-phaedo"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/platonism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/letter-to-menoeceus#compilation",
      "node": "text/letter-to-menoeceus",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Letter to Menoeceus",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "4th-3rd century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -201,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/konstan-epicurus"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/epicureanism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/principal-doctrines#composition",
      "node": "text/principal-doctrines",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Epicurean Principal Doctrines",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "4th-3rd century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -201,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/konstan-epicurus"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/epicureanism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/zhuangzi#text-composition",
      "node": "text/zhuangzi",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Zhuangzi",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "4th-3rd century BCE (layered transmission)",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -201,
      "note": "Compilation and redaction history is debated; this point reflects the best-supported conservative window.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/legge-zhuangzi-1891",
          "locator": "introductory matter"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/ziporyn-zhuangzi-essential",
          "locator": "composition and transmission"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/early-daoist-philosophy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/epicureanism#origin",
      "node": "tradition/epicureanism",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Epicureanism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "4th-3rd century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -201,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/konstan-epicurus"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/epicureanism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/daodejing#text-composition",
      "node": "text/daodejing",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Daodejing",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "c. 4th-2nd century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -101,
      "note": "Textual stratification is debated; later canonicalization is strong enough to affect received chapter order.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/legge-tao-te-ching-1891",
          "locator": "editorial note on recension"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/hansen-daoism",
          "locator": "dating summary"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/early-daoist-philosophy"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/mencius#mencius-composition",
      "node": "text/mencius",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Mencius",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Core teachings likely 4th–3rd century BCE with substantial later editorial layering",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -101,
      "note": "Scholars diverge on the dating window for specific book-level layers; modern scholarship treats the received text as a stratified tradition.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/van-norden-mengzi-2008"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/pines-everlasting-empire",
          "locator": "textual transmission"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/confucianism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/sutrakritanga#composition",
      "node": "text/sutrakritanga",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Sūtrakṛtāṅga",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Layered mid-to-late 1st-millennium BCE material",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": -101,
      "note": "Relative strata, oral transmission, and later commentary prevent a single secure composition date.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/dundas-jains"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/wiley-historical-dictionary-jainism"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/jainism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/pyrrhonism#tradition-continuity",
      "node": "tradition/pyrrhonism",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Pyrrhonism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Late 4th century BCE to the 2nd–3rd century CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 4,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -400,
      "sortEnd": 300,
      "note": "Pyrrho's relationship to the later tradition and Sextus's exact date are disputed; this range marks the named ancestry and surviving systematic witness, not uninterrupted institutional continuity.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/patrick-pyrrhonic-sketches-1899",
          "locator": "Pyrrho and Hellenistic setting"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/vogt-sextus-empiricus",
          "locator": "Sextus on Pyrrhonian method"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/pyrrhonism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/stoicism#origin",
      "node": "tradition/stoicism",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Stoicism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "c. 300 BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 300,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": -300,
      "sortEnd": -300,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/durand-shogry-baltzly-stoicism"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/stoicism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/uttaradhyayana-sutra#composition",
      "node": "text/uttaradhyayana-sutra",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Uttarādhyayana Sūtra",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Composite late-1st-millennium BCE to early-CE anthology",
      "start": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -300,
      "sortEnd": 100,
      "note": "Individual lectures differ in age; the band describes compilation uncertainty rather than dating every verse alike.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/dundas-jains"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/wiley-historical-dictionary-jainism"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/jainism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/bhagavad-gita#composition",
      "node": "text/bhagavad-gita",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Bhagavad Gītā",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "c. 2nd century BCE–2nd century CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -200,
      "sortEnd": 200,
      "note": "The work is layered and its date and final form remain debated.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/malinar-bhagavad-gita"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/hinduism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/anguttara-nikaya#written-attestation",
      "node": "text/anguttara-nikaya",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Aṅguttara Nikāya",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "attestation",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "Committed to writing c. 1st century BCE after oral transmission",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -100,
      "sortEnd": -1,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/gethin-foundations"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/buddhism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/itivuttaka#written-attestation",
      "node": "text/itivuttaka",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Itivuttaka",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "attestation",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "Written transmission by c. 1st century BCE",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -100,
      "sortEnd": -1,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/gethin-foundations"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/buddhism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/majjhima-nikaya#written-attestation",
      "node": "text/majjhima-nikaya",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Majjhima Nikāya",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "attestation",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "Committed to writing c. 1st century BCE after oral transmission",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -100,
      "sortEnd": -1,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/collins-nirvana"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/buddhism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/samyutta-nikaya#written-attestation",
      "node": "text/samyutta-nikaya",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Saṃyutta Nikāya",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "attestation",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "Committed to writing c. 1st century BCE after oral transmission",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -100,
      "sortEnd": -1,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/gethin-foundations"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/buddhism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/sutta-nipata#written-attestation",
      "node": "text/sutta-nipata",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Sutta Nipāta",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "attestation",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "Pāli Canon committed to writing c. 1st century BCE after oral transmission",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "BCE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": -100,
      "sortEnd": -1,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/gethin-foundations"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/buddhism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/christianity#origin",
      "node": "tradition/christianity",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Christianity",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "1st century CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": 1,
      "sortEnd": 100,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/brown-john"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/christianity"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/library-of-apollodorus#compilation",
      "node": "text/library-of-apollodorus",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "The Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "1st–2nd century CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 1,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": 1,
      "sortEnd": 200,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/frazer-apollodorus"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/greek-religion"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/first-corinthians#composition",
      "node": "text/first-corinthians",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "First Epistle to the Corinthians",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "c. 53–55 CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 53,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 55,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": 53,
      "sortEnd": 55,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/cook-enspirited-body"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/christianity"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/epistle-to-hebrews#composition",
      "node": "text/epistle-to-hebrews",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Epistle to the Hebrews",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "c. 60–100 CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 60,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 100,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": 60,
      "sortEnd": 100,
      "note": "Authorship and exact date are uncertain.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/martin-ot-hospitality"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/christianity"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/gospel-of-john#composition",
      "node": "text/gospel-of-john",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Gospel of John",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "c. 90–110 CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 90,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 110,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": 90,
      "sortEnd": 110,
      "note": "The Gospel's composition history and final date remain debated.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/brown-john"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/christianity"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/epictetus-discourses#compilation",
      "node": "text/epictetus-discourses",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Discourses of Epictetus",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "Early 2nd century CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": 101,
      "sortEnd": 200,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/long-epictetus-guide"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/stoicism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/epictetus-encheiridion#compilation",
      "node": "text/epictetus-encheiridion",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Encheiridion (Handbook) of Epictetus",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "Early 2nd century CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": 101,
      "sortEnd": 200,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/long-epictetus-guide"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/stoicism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/outlines-of-pyrrhonism#text-composition",
      "node": "text/outlines-of-pyrrhonism",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Outlines of Pyrrhonism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "2nd–3rd century CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 2,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 3,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": 101,
      "sortEnd": 300,
      "note": "The work's attribution to Sextus is stable; Sextus's lifetime and the exact order of his writings remain uncertain.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/vogt-sextus-empiricus",
          "locator": "textual-historical profile"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/bett-pyrrho-legacy",
          "locator": "transmission history"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/pyrrhonism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/marcus-aurelius-meditations#writing-cycle",
      "node": "text/marcus-aurelius-meditations",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Meditations",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Commonly dated to AD 170–180 as campaign-era and court-period composition; exact dating remains debated.",
      "start": {
        "value": 170,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 180,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": 170,
      "sortEnd": 180,
      "note": "The conventional range is approximate; individual notes are not securely dated.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/hadot-inner-citadel"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/stoicism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/confessions#composition",
      "node": "text/confessions",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Confessions",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "c. 397–400 CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 397,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 400,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": 397,
      "sortEnd": 400,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/komline-augustine-will"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/christianity"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/islam#origin",
      "node": "tradition/islam",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Islam",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "7th century CE",
      "start": {
        "value": 7,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": 601,
      "sortEnd": 700,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/johns-quranic-job"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/islam"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/quran#revelation-and-composition",
      "node": "text/quran",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Qur'an",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "c. 610–632 CE in Muslim tradition; codified in the mid-7th century",
      "start": {
        "value": 610,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 632,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": 610,
      "sortEnd": 632,
      "note": "The displayed interval follows traditional revelation chronology; scholarship distinguishes revelation, collection, and codification questions.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/johns-quranic-job"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/pickthall-quran"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/islam"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/gospel-of-matthew#composition",
      "node": "text/gospel-of-matthew",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Gospel of Matthew",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "composition",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "c. 70–100 CE (proposals vary)",
      "start": {
        "value": 70,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "decade"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 100,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "decade"
      },
      "sortStart": 691,
      "sortEnd": 1000,
      "note": "The range preserves disagreement over the gospel's final composition and redaction rather than selecting one proposed year.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/davies-allison-matthew-icc-volume-1-1988"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/luz-matthew-1-7-hermeneia-2007"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/christianity"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/kantian-ethics#origin",
      "node": "tradition/kantian-ethics",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Kantian ethics",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "approximate",
      "display": "Late 18th century",
      "start": {
        "value": 18,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": 1701,
      "sortEnd": 1800,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/johnson-cureton-kant-moral"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/wood-kantian-ethics"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/kantian-ethics"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tradition/utilitarianism#origin",
      "node": "tradition/utilitarianism",
      "nodeType": "tradition",
      "label": "Utilitarianism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "origin",
      "certainty": "disputed",
      "display": "Late 18th to 19th century",
      "start": {
        "value": 18,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "end": {
        "value": 19,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "century"
      },
      "sortStart": 1701,
      "sortEnd": 1900,
      "note": "The boundary is conventional: antecedents predate Bentham, while the named movement and its canonical formulations developed across several generations.",
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/driver-history-utilitarianism"
        },
        {
          "source": "source/crisp-routledge-utilitarianism"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/utilitarianism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/groundwork-metaphysics-morals#first-edition",
      "node": "text/groundwork-metaphysics-morals",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "publication",
      "certainty": "exact",
      "display": "1785",
      "start": {
        "value": 1785,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": 1785,
      "sortEnd": 1785,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/abbott-kant-groundwork-1895"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/kantian-ethics"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/on-liberty#first-publication",
      "node": "text/on-liberty",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "On Liberty",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "publication",
      "certainty": "exact",
      "display": "1859",
      "start": {
        "value": 1859,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": 1859,
      "sortEnd": 1859,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/mill-on-liberty-1859"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/utilitarianism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/utilitarianism#serialized-appearance",
      "node": "text/utilitarianism",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Utilitarianism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "publication",
      "certainty": "exact",
      "display": "Serialized in 1861",
      "start": {
        "value": 1861,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": 1861,
      "sortEnd": 1861,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/mill-utilitarianism-1863"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/utilitarianism"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "text/utilitarianism#book-publication",
      "node": "text/utilitarianism",
      "nodeType": "text",
      "label": "Utilitarianism",
      "status": "draft",
      "kind": "publication",
      "certainty": "exact",
      "display": "Published in book form in 1863",
      "start": {
        "value": 1863,
        "era": "CE",
        "precision": "year"
      },
      "sortStart": 1863,
      "sortEnd": 1863,
      "citations": [
        {
          "source": "source/mill-utilitarianism-1863"
        }
      ],
      "traditions": [
        "tradition/utilitarianism"
      ]
    }
  ]
}