Fact
Established and essentially undisputed — a text exists, a manuscript date range, an archaeological find.
Public methodology
Uncertainty, difference, provenance, and counterargument are part of the data—not editorial footnotes.
Established and essentially undisputed — a text exists, a manuscript date range, an archaeological find.
What a tradition itself teaches or practices. True as a description of the tradition, without asserting the teaching's metaphysical truth.
A reading held by identifiable interpreters, traditional or academic. Attribute it.
A conclusion reasoned from evidence but not directly attested — e.g. environmental or social drivers of a narrative.
A hypothesis worth recording but weakly supported. Must never be presented as more.
Only direct textual dependence permits a demonstrated borrowing claim. Resemblance alone never does.
One text demonstrably draws on another (quotation, redaction, translation lineage).
Both emerged from the same milieu (region, era, trade network); no direct copying demonstrated.
Both descend from an earlier shared source, attested or reliably reconstructed.
Different origins, but the practices or ideas play a similar role in human life.
Similar answers arising independently, plausibly from shared human pressures or constraints.
Looks similar at a glance; the resemblance does not survive scrutiny. Recorded to correct misconceptions.
Serious scholars meaningfully disagree about which relationship applies. Record the disagreement.
Broad scholarly consensus; contrary views are marginal.
Well supported but with credible dissent or gaps in the evidence.
Suggestive evidence; serious scholars disagree.
An interesting hypothesis, not an established finding.
Each public comparison presents all five together. Agreement about action is not automatically agreement about metaphysics.